{"id":5830,"date":"2025-09-02T14:42:26","date_gmt":"2025-09-02T12:42:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/?p=5830"},"modified":"2026-03-27T12:42:50","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T11:42:50","slug":"personal-data-protection-enforcement-under-gdpr-the-slovak-experience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/2025\/09\/02\/personal-data-protection-enforcement-under-gdpr-the-slovak-experience\/","title":{"rendered":"Personal data protection enforcement under GDPR\u2014the Slovak experience"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5830\" class=\"elementor elementor-5830\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa18013 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fa18013\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f6d137 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9f6d137\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd553b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_square_icon_box\" data-id=\"dd553b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_square_icon_box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Icon Box -->\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-css' href='https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-all.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-4-shim-css' href='https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-v4-shims.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\t\t<link id='uc_ac_assets_file_blox_boxed_small_square_icon_box_css_0-css' href='https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/ac_assets\/blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box\/blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\n<style>\/* widget: Icon Box *\/\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0 * { \n\tbox-sizing: border-box; \n}\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0{\n\tfont-family: inherit;\n    transition:0.3s;\n    position:relative;\n}\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0 .blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box-icon{\n\t\n\tposition:relative;\n    display:flex;\n    justify-content:center;\n    align-items:center;\n    transform:rotate(0deg);\n    z-index:2;\n}\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0 .ue-icon {\n  display:inline-block;\n}\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0 .blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box-icon > div{\n\t\n\tposition:relative;\n    display:flex;\n    justify-content:center;\n    align-items:center;\n    transform:rotate(-0deg);\n}\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0 .ue-icon-inner{\n    line-height:1em;\n\t} \t\n\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0 .ue-icon-inner svg{\n    height:1em;\n    width:1em;\n\t} \t\n\t\n.blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box-heading{\n\tfont-size:21px;\n\t}\n\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0:hover\n{\n  position:relative;\n  z-index:1;\n}\n\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0 .ue_box_button\n{\n  text-align:center;\n  text-decoration:none;\n  display:inline-block;\n  transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0 span.line\n{\n  display:block;\n  position:absolute;\n  top:0;\n  left:0;\n  width:0px;\n  transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0:hover span.line\n{\n  width:100%;\n}\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0 .ue-title-separator span\n{\n  display:inline-block;\n  transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"square_icon_box\" id=\"uc_square_icon_box_elementor_dd553b0\">\n  \n  \t\t  \n  \n              <div class=\"ue-icon\">\n       <a style=\"display:inline-block; text-decoration:none;\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/idpl\/article-abstract\/14\/3\/278\/7696768?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" >         <div class=\"blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box-icon\" style=\"background-color: ;\">\n           <div class=\"ue-icon-inner\"><i class='fas fa-book'><\/i><\/div>\n         <\/div>\n       <\/a>       <\/div>\n         \n  \t\t        <div class=\"blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box-heading\">\n        \tArticle\n        <\/div>\n          \n  \t\t  \n  \n          \n  \t\t        \n          \n  \t\t  \n<\/div>\n<!-- end Icon Box -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad5fbe9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_square_icon_box\" data-id=\"ad5fbe9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_square_icon_box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Icon Box -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Icon Box *\/\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9 * { \n\tbox-sizing: border-box; \n}\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9{\n\tfont-family: inherit;\n    transition:0.3s;\n    position:relative;\n}\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9 .blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box-icon{\n\t\n\tposition:relative;\n    display:flex;\n    justify-content:center;\n    align-items:center;\n    transform:rotate(0deg);\n    z-index:2;\n}\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9 .ue-icon {\n  display:inline-block;\n}\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9 .blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box-icon > div{\n\t\n\tposition:relative;\n    display:flex;\n    justify-content:center;\n    align-items:center;\n    transform:rotate(-0deg);\n}\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9 .ue-icon-inner{\n    line-height:1em;\n\t} \t\n\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9 .ue-icon-inner svg{\n    height:1em;\n    width:1em;\n\t} \t\n\t\n.blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box-heading{\n\tfont-size:21px;\n\t}\n\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9:hover\n{\n  position:relative;\n  z-index:1;\n}\n\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9 .ue_box_button\n{\n  text-align:center;\n  text-decoration:none;\n  display:inline-block;\n  transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9 span.line\n{\n  display:block;\n  position:absolute;\n  top:0;\n  left:0;\n  width:0px;\n  transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9:hover span.line\n{\n  width:100%;\n}\n\n#uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9 .ue-title-separator span\n{\n  display:inline-block;\n  transition:0.3s;\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"square_icon_box\" id=\"uc_square_icon_box_elementor_ad5fbe9\">\n  \n  \t\t  \n  \n              <div class=\"ue-icon\">\n       <a style=\"display:inline-block; text-decoration:none;\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/idpl\/article-abstract\/14\/3\/278\/7696768?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" >         <div class=\"blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box-icon\" style=\"background-color: ;\">\n           <div class=\"ue-icon-inner\"><i class='fas fa-link'><\/i><\/div>\n         <\/div>\n       <\/a>       <\/div>\n         \n  \t\t        <div class=\"blox-boxed-small-square-icon-box-heading\">\n        \tLink to Oxford Academic\n        <\/div>\n          \n  \t\t  \n  \n          \n  \t\t        \n          \n  \t\t  \n<\/div>\n<!-- end Icon Box -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e851db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e851db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Authors:<\/b>\u00a0 Laura Bach\u0148\u00e1kov\u00e1 R\u00f3zenfeldov\u00e1 , Pavol Sokol , Regina Hu\u010dkov\u00e1 , Mat\u00fa\u0161 Mesar\u010d\u00edk\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e39a89a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e39a89a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0aa2729 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0aa2729\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Personal data protection enforcement in the European Union (EU) has evolved significantly since the adoption of Directive 95\/46\/EC.1 Despite the Directive\u2019s objective to harmonize data protection regulation in the EU, its implementation resulted in differing enforcement practices of its Member States. The Directive called for the adoption of suitable measures to ensure its full implementation but did not specify the framework to be followed in practice. This led to the adoption of different sanction mechanisms throughout the EU. Studies provided by such institutions as the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights,2 or in academic writing,3 summarized the state of personal data protection in the EU during the Directive\u2019s application and identified its deficits. Papers analysing individual sanctions applicable under this Directive,4 highlighted its toothlessness,5 elucidated deficits regarding the imposition of administrative fines by national authorities,6 and discussed possible solutions considering the potential of competition law to influence the sanctioning of data protection infringements in the future legislation.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Authors:  Laura Bach\u0148\u00e1kov\u00e1 R\u00f3zenfeldov\u00e1 , Pavol Sokol , Regina Hu\u010dkov\u00e1 , Mat\u00fa\u0161 Mesar\u010d\u00edk <\/p>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":5713,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"full-width","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5830","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-clanky","entry","has-media"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5830","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5830"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5830\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8889,"href":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5830\/revisions\/8889"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cyberawareness.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}